A year ago, President Trump drove a conservative backlash against NPR and PBS straight to Capitol Hill, where Congress stripped public radio and television stations of nearly all federal funding. When his signature turned that bill into law, Trump ended nearly six decades of bipartisan support for funding public media.
Since then, more than 500 public media staffers have been laid off, according to a tally by SemiPublic. And yet station officials across the country have reacted with a sense of urgency, hope and anxiety.
Urgency because change is being forced upon them.
Hope because listeners, viewers and philanthropists stepped up.
"All of this exists because of viewers like you," PBS CEO Paula Kerger said at an event at the Chautauqua Institution this summer. "We have said this on the air for many, many years. And I think, until this year, people didn't quite fully realize what that means."
Anxiety because station executives do not know how long that support will last.
A price paid in the prairies
While NPR was the main target of conservatives' wrath, it had received less than 2% of its annual revenue directly from the federal government.
It was a different story elsewhere. Federal funding made up, on average, 8 to 10% of public radio stations' budgets; for PBS and public television stations, the share was even higher. Rural stations, with the fewest donors, depended the most on government support.
South Dakota Public Broadcasting was among the stations that paid the price immediately after Trump signed the law withdrawing federal funds.
For years, host Lori Walsh of the weekly public affairs show In the Moment had set the agenda for the people of South Dakota by interviewing authors, storekeepers, politicians and other state residents in what she called "kitchen table conversations."
South Dakota Public Broadcasting canceled the show. It laid off seven of its 11 journalists, including Walsh and her two-person production staff.
"We went through a real grieving period of saying goodbye to beloved staff members and really qualified journalists and professionals," Walsh recalls now.
Many stations did the same. PBS laid off 15% of its workforce. NPR this year reduced the staff that produces news, podcasts and music by about 4%, mostly through buyouts of its journalists. The Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which had been set up in 1967 expressly to funnel federal money to local stations, went out of business.
In order to keep funding from her state's government, South Dakota Public Broadcasting Executive Director Julie Overgaard had promised to continue devoting gavel-to-gavel, C-SPAN-like coverage to the state legislature, and to continue broadcasting all high-school varsity games and performing arts competitions. That left little choice but to cut the newsroom.
But in that dark moment, a funny thing was playing out: something Ryan Howlett calls "white-hot rage-giving."
Howlett, the chief executive of the private foundation that supports South Dakota Public Broadcasting, says angry listeners and viewers opened their wallets, starting even before Congress passed the bill.
"We found just a bunch of first-time givers in the four- and five-figure range that we had never had before," he says.
That rage- giving led to a record $8 million haul. The station hired Walsh back. She no longer has a broadcast show or producers, but Walsh has stayed true to the spirit of In the Moment through a daily podcast and a extended daily segment on Morning Edition bearing the same name.
She's covered the race for governor, a street piano for anyone to play in the city of Vermillion and a recent archeological find.
"I do think people miss the full 'kitchen table' experience of In The Moment," Walsh says. "But now we have — I don't know — a breakfast nook where you start your day with a key conversation that you can carry with you throughout the day."
A sunny surprise in the Southwest
That sense of innovation — driven by necessity — has surfaced at stations dotting the nation.
"We really didn't know how we were going to fare," KSUT Executive Director Tami Graham says. "We had pretty major concerns about whether we were going to need to cut staffing, cut back on some of our national programming, et cetera."
At her rural public radio station in the Four Corners region of southwestern Colorado, the elimination of funds loomed as an existential threat.
KSUT joined NPR and other stations in suing Trump after he first targeted public media funds through an executive order in spring 2025. They called the president's order unconstitutional.
But the law passed by Congress last July — controversial as it was — went by the book.
"We went to our listeners, our membership, and we were very transparent with them about our situation and that we needed their support," Graham says.
KSUT's audience delivered. The station raised enough money for solar panels, saving $43,000 a year in electricity costs.
It also socked $100,000 into its first endowment.
In March, NPR, KSUT and the other stations that had sued Trump won.
"This is a victory for the fundamental rights of a free and independent press, for the American people, and for the entire public media system," NPR's chief executive, Katherine Maher, said in a memo to staff last month. "We can all take pride in what we achieved here. There has never been a better year to defend the First Amendment than the 250th anniversary of the nation's founding."
So now, federal agencies can legally send money to public media stations if it's authorized by Congress. And lawmakers on Capitol Hill, including some Republicans, made good on promises to restore aid to stations that serve tribal audiences, such as KSUT, through the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
KSUT also received some grants from the Public Media Bridge Fund, a short-term effort financed by a group of philanthropies seeking to help stations find new models of financial sustainability.
"It's really amazing," Graham says. "We know that there's still a possibility there, but we have not had to make any cuts."
That has not been the uniform experience.
A Hoosier hardship
In Indiana, the Republican-dominated legislature killed state funding for public broadcasting ahead of the Congressional vote.
The two together were like a $1.5-million punch to the solar plexus of Tim Black, the chief executive of WNIN in Evansville.
"That was roughly half of my budget," Black says.
He laid off 20% of his staff at the joint NPR-PBS station, which serves people across southwestern Indiana, western Kentucky, and southeastern Illinois. Some shows went dark.
He also expected to pull about $770,000 from a reserve fund. But he hasn't had to touch a penny of it. He says the station's members have contributed a bit more than $1 million — about 40% more than usual. And like Graham at KSUT, he's received financial support from the Public Media Bridge Fund for WNIN.
For the first time in five years, Black says, WNIN will end the year with a surplus.
What's more, that hostility that led lawmakers in Indianapolis to kill state funding for public broadcasting no longer seems carved in stone.
On WNIN's public affairs show Shively & Shoulders last month, host Patrick Shoulders asked Indiana Governor Mike Braun whether state funds could be restored. (Shoulders acknowledged the question was posed on Black's behalf).
Braun, a conservative Republican, spoke carefully. But he sounded open to the idea.
"I like the station and WNIN public radio and TV, and I like the programming," Braun said. "I like most of what's there. Whether it's going to be supported by government, we can afford it [at the state level], probably. The federal government probably can't."
In some states with conservative legislatures, the question of whether to continue to fund public media outlets at all — either directly or through state universities — is yet to be answered.
Black says WNIN's listeners and viewers have given him the breathing room to work with his board of directors and executive team to reconsider how the station best serves its audiences.
"The phrase that kept getting bumped around the room was that nothing gets left off the table," Black says. "We are taking a look at everything in terms of how we do our business."
But will it last?
During the hottest moments of the ideological debate in Washington, there was much talk about local stations dropping NPR and PBS programs and affiliations.
In the year since, that's played out in only a handful of places. NPR says it has 242 member stations now — just two less than it did a year ago. PBS lost several, primarily because some stations merged. In Alabama and Mississippi, state-subsidized networks threatened to drop programs. That hasn't happened, so far.
Local stations pay NPR and PBS to carry their programs, such as NPR's Morning Edition and All Things Considered. NPR slashed the fees it charges stations — the largest single reason it reduced staffing earlier this year.
The network also received two of the largest gifts in its existence: an $80 million gift to propel NPR's digital transformation and $33 million intended, in part, to offer financial relief to stations. NPR is also offering to help stations with audience research, digital infrastructure and marketing. So is a startup called Public Media Infrastructure.
All of this activity would appear to confirm the position of some conservative critics who say people who value public media can pay for it themselves.
But will that burst of philanthropy continue?
"Things are starting to float back down to where they were before," says Jennifer Ferro, president of KCRW in Los Angeles.
Federal funding used to account for just 5% of KCRW's annual budget.
Still, Ferro cut 10% of her staff last year, an acknowledgment of both the loss of that money and the vast changes in the ways Americans consume news and entertainment.
Now, KCRW, known for its distinctive music programming, is transforming itself with podcasts, newsletters and events designed to appeal to audiences old and new.
"We are focusing on being a kind of a trusted cultural guide for information you need to know — music and food and film and all the things that kind of make living in LA exciting and interesting," Ferro says. "Because it's a hard place to live."
One year after Trump stripped public media of federal funding, stations are not falling out of the sky. Their executives are even, at times, buoyant, and thinking more inventively. But the anxiety endures as station executives ask whether public media can stay aloft without far greater innovation.
Disclosure: This story was written and reported by NPR Correspondent David Folkenflik and edited by NPR Deputy Business Editor Emily Kopp and Managing Editor Gerry Holmes. Under NPR's protocol for reporting on itself, no corporate official or news executive reviewed this story before it was posted publicly.
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